Fluorescent Sensors for Heavy Metal Detection: Techniques, Applications, and Environmental Impact: A Review

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Suez University, Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department

2 Chemistry department, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez,Egypt

Abstract

Small organic molecules have emerged as powerful tools in the detection of environmental pollutants due to their ability to selectively interact with target substances. By inducing measurable changes in properties such as fluorescence, color, or electrical conductivity upon binding, these molecules enable the development of highly sensitive and specific sensors for a wide range of contaminants—including heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial chemicals—even in complex matrices. Their key advantages include high selectivity, which allows for precise recognition of target pollutants; exceptional sensitivity, where even trace-level interactions produce detectable signals; and remarkable versatility, enabling adaptation to diverse analytes. Additionally, their ease of use and cost-effectiveness make them well-suited for on-site and real-time monitoring applications. Small organic molecules are particularly valuable in fluorescent sensing platforms, where pollutant binding leads to distinct changes in fluorescence emission. These systems offer rapid, low-cost, and reliable detection suitable for field use and personal health monitoring. Compared to conventional analytical techniques, small molecule-based sensors are easier to fabricate and operate, offering a practical alternative for widespread environmental monitoring. Looking ahead, ongoing research focuses on enhancing sensor performance, lowering detection limits, broadening the spectrum of detectable pollutants, and integrating these sensors into portable, user-friendly devices. Such advances hold significant promise for improving environmental safety and public health.

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